Gynecomastia is the enlargement of breast tissue in males, resulting from an imbalance between estrogen and testosterone levels. It can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly, and may present as a firm, rubbery mass extending concentrically from the nipples. Gynecomastia is common during infancy, puberty, and in older age due to hormonal changes but can also be triggered by medications, certain health conditions, or substance use, such as anabolic steroids, alcohol, and recreational drugs. Other causes include endocrine disorders, obesity, tumors, kidney or liver disease, and genetic conditions. While gynecomastia is typically benign and not life-threatening, it can cause emotional distress, social embarrassment, and, occasionally, tenderness or pain. Complications are generally minimal but may include persistent discomfort and, in rare cases, psychological effects, such as anxiety and depression due to altered body image. Gynecomastia is not associated with an increased risk of male breast cancer; however, in cases of rapid growth, asymmetry, or hard, fixed masses, further evaluation is needed to rule out malignancy. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause, the duration and severity of the condition, and the patient's symptoms. They range from observation and lifestyle changes to medication adjustments and, in more persistent or severe cases, surgical intervention such as liposuction or mastectomy. Surgery aims to remove excess breast tissue and improve chest contour, helping to restore confidence and alleviate physical discomfort.
